The New Unconscious (Oxford Series in Social Cognition and Social Neuroscience)

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Ran R. Hassin, The New Unconscious (Oxford Series in Social Cognition and Social Neuroscience)
Oxford University Press | ISBN 0195149955 | 2005 | PDF | 1.74 MB | 606 pages

The ancient unconscious in Western thought might be traced as far back as the fifth century BCE in Greece, if we define the unconscious as internal qualities of mind that affect conscious thought and behavior, without being conscious themselves. Hippocrates proposed (and Galen elaborated on) four basic temperaments--sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic--that are based on bodily humors and shape behavior in conjunction with rational (conscious) thought.

This same division into unconscious, biologically based influences and conscious, mental influences is echoed in Kant’s thought over two millennia later.He distinguished temperament from moral character, with only the latter enabling people to consciously control themselves and be morally accountable to others. The details of the unconscious mind changed as metaphors for the mind changed over these two millennia, but it was almost always present.

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